Function of Adder An adder is the primary computation unit in a digital computer. Few routines are performed by a computer in which the adder is not used. Adders are designed to work in either serial or parallel circuits. Because the parallel adder is faster and used more often, it is covered in more detail …
Function of Encoder An encoder is a combinational logic circuit that accepts one or more inputs and generates a multibit binary output. Encoding is the process of converting any keyboard character or number as input to a coded output such as a binary or BCD form. Figure 1 shows a decimal-to-binary encoder. Its function is …
A shift register is a sequential logic circuit widely used to store data temporarily. Data can be loaded into and removed from a shift register in either a parallel or serial format. Figure 1 shows the four different methods of loading and reading data in a shift register. Because of its ability to move data …
A counter is a logic circuit that can count a sequence of numbers or states when activated by a clock input. The output of a counter indicates the binary number stored in the counter at any given time. The number of counts or states through which a counter progresses before returning to its original state …
Sequential logic circuits consist of circuits requiring timing and memory devices. The basic building block for sequential logic circuits is the flip-flop. Flip-flops can be wired together to form counters, shift registers, and memory devices. The flip-flop belongs to a category of digital circuits called multivibrators. A multivibrator is a regenerative circuit with two active …
All digital equipment, whether simple or complex, is constructed of only a few basic circuits. These circuits, referred to as logic elements, perform some logic function on binary data. There are two basic types of logic circuits: decision-making and memory. Decision-making logic circuits monitor binary inputs and produce an output based on the status of …
Figure 1 shows three basic waveforms that are represented by the time domain concept. The three waveforms shown are sine wave, square wave, and sawtooth wave. Although the three waveforms are different, they all have the same period of frequency. By using various electronic circuits, these waveforms can be changed from one shape to another. …
An oscillator is a circuit that generates a repetitive AC signal. The frequency of the AC signal may vary from a few hertz to many millions of hertz. The oscillator is an alternative to the mechanical generator used to produce electrical power. The advantages of the oscillator are the absence of moving parts and the …
Operational amplifiers are usually called op-amps. An op-amp is a very high-gain amplifier used to amplify both AC and DC signals. Typically, op-amps have an output gain in the range of 20,000 to 1,000,000 times the input. Figure 1 shows the schematic symbol used for op-amps. The negative (-) input is called the inverting input …
Audio amplifiers amplify AC signals in the frequency range of approximately 20 to 20,000 hertz. They may amplify the whole audio range or only a small portion of it. Audio amplifiers are divided into two categories: voltage amplifiers and power amplifiers. Voltage amplifiers are primarily used to produce a high voltage gain. Power amplifiers are …
