The magnetostrictive effect relates a material’s elastic state to its magnetic state. Nearly all FM materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloy, exhibit a change in size and shape resulting from magnetization change. This effect is known as Joule effect. Joule effect can be understood by considering an FM material consisting of many …
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When a current flows through a thin flat conductor placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a transverse force (i.e., Lorentz force) on the moving charge carriers and pushes them to one side of the conductor. The charge then builds up and forms a measurable voltage between the two sides of the conductor. …
Fluxgate sensors are precise vector sensors of magnetic fields (can measure both magnitude and direction). A fluxgate sensor uses a soft magnetic material (with a low coercive force/field and high permeability) as its core material and operates under magnetic saturation state. In saturation, the permeability of the core drops, causing the flux associated with the …
Synchro has a single winding rotor that rotates inside a stator of three windings, much like an electric motor as shown in Figure 1. The primary winding wound around the rotor is excited by an alternating current, which induces currents to flow in three Y-connected secondary windings (oriented 120° apart). The relative magnitudes of secondary …
LVDT is an inductive device. It has a primary coil, two secondary coils, and a linearly movable core. The primary coil is driven by an AC excitation current, which creates a varying magnetic field. This changing field induces an AC voltage or current in the secondary coil (usually two or three windings) that can be …
The core element of a piezoresistive sensor is the strain gauge. The characteristics of a strain gauge are mainly defined by the gauge dimensions, resistance, gauge factor, temperature coefficient, resistivity, and thermal stability. Gauge dimensions and shape are very important in choosing a right type of strain gauge for a given application. Gauge resistance is …
When electromagnetic radiation, such as, infrared light, visible light, or ultraviolet (UV) light, strikes a photoconductive material, the resistance of the material decreases. This occurs because the electrons in the valence band of the photoconductive material are excited by the light and move to the conduction band, which increases the material’s conductivity. The amount of …
The superposition theorem is a method that allows us to determine the current through or the voltage across any resistor or branch in a network. The advantage of using this approach instead of mesh analysis or nodal analysis is that it is not necessary to use determinants or matrix algebra to analyze a given circuit. …
An RCIM sensor is a sensor that results in a change in electrical resistance, capacitance, inductance, electrical field, or magnetic field when it is exposed to a physical, chemical, or biological stimulus. Its output could be a voltage, current, electrical charge, time, or frequency to reflect these changes. Following are the most important characteristics of …
For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, another transformer is usually connected in parallel with it since replacing it with a single larger unit is a costly alternative. The cost of a spare smaller rating transformer is also lower. Also, it is preferable to have a parallel transformer in …
